In 1767, in one of his first contributions to the American Revolution, John Adams wrote two letters published in the Boston Gazette attacking the policies of Massachusetts governor Francis Bernard. An avid student of Massachusetts history, Adams signed his letters "John Winthrop."

Here and elsewhere Adams acknowledged the importance of the puritan settlers of New England - who, from the outset, resisted royal attempts to curb self-government and established a clear precedent of resistance to arbitrary government. He also reflected in later years that the growth and defense of New England rested on the relatively democratic structures of "towns, militia, schools, and churches" established by Winthrop's generation.

As we begin to commemorate the events leading to American independence, we need to remember the roots of that drive for independence and self-governance more a century earlier. The American Revolution did not come from nowhere, but rested on a history that connects puritans and patriots.

In this important talk, award-winning historian Francis Bremer explored the early history of resistance to royal interference, beginning with the military preparations to defend Massachusetts against King Charles' attempt to seize the colony charter in the 1630s.

He examined the many ways in which the colonists supported the English puritan cause during the English civil wars of the 1640s. He discussed 18th century patriots' awareness of that legacy, and concluded with Nathaniel Hawthorne's linkage of the puritans and revolutionaries in the person of a Grey Champion - who would always come forth when freedom was threatened.

His audience loved it. “I always learn something new from Frank Bremer!” said one person. “Fascinating!” wrote another. And a third, asked what they learned from his presentation, responded: “The history of resistance was an ongoing early American narrative - and we’re having to do it again.”

PLEASE NOTE: This presentation represents the view of the speaker and not necessariiy that of the Partnership of HIstoric Bostons.